CHEMICAL ECOLOGY Effects of Pheromone and Plant Volatile Release Rates and Ratios on Trapping Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in China

Native to China and Korea, the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is a polyphagous wood-boring pest for which a trapping systemwould greatly beneÞt eradication andmanagementprograms inboth the introduced andnative ranges. Over two Þeld seasons, a total of 160 ßight intercept panel traps were deployed in Harbin, China, which trapped a total of 65 beetles. In 2012, traps using lures with a 1:1 ratio of the maleproduced pheromone components (4-(n-heptyloxy)butanal and 4-(n-heptyloxy)butan-1-ol) designed to release at a rate of 1 or 4 milligram per day per component in conjunction with the plant volatiles (-)-linalool, trans-caryophyllene, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol caught signiÞcantly more A. glabripennis females than other pheromone release rates, other pheromone ratios, plant volatiles only, and no lure controls. Males were caught primarily in traps baited with plant volatiles only. In 2013, 10 higher release rates of these plant volatiles were tested, and linalool oxide was evaluated as a fourth plant volatile in combination with a 1:1 ratio of the male-produced pheromone components emitted at a rate of 2 milligram per day per component. SigniÞcantly more females were trapped using the pheromone with the 10-fold higher three or four plant volatile release rates compared with the plant volatiles only, low four plant volatile pheromone, and control. Our Þndings show that the maleproducedpheromone in combinationwith plant volatiles canbeused to detectA. glabripennis. Results also indicate that emitters should be monitored during the Þeld season, as release rates ßuctuate with environmental conditions and can be strongly inßuenced by formulation additives.